NORMA

The ecology of areas inhabited by man is constantly deteriorating due in particular to noise generated by rotating machines (RM): mainly helicopters and wind turbines. This will amplify significantly with the irruption of a growing army of new single-rotor machines and multi-rotor systems (small multi-purpose helicopters, aerial taxis, drones, quadcopters, etc.) in the smart cities of near future. Noise mitigation can be obtained by the optimization of the shapes of RM's blades and fuselages and of other design characteristics, optimization which can be based on serial numerical predictions of aerodynamic properties and acoustic radiation generated by these new RMs. Providing the needed accuracy at acceptable computational cost for such complicated geometrical configurations is a difficult numerical challenge which the partners propose to address. The Consortium involves specialists having proposed new methods in turbulence modelling, novel high-accuracy numerical schemes for unstructured meshes and efficient parallel algorithms applicable for predicting complex flow near RM's blades and fuselages via scale-resolving turbulent flow simulation, and the associated far field acoustic fields. The strength of the proposal relies on the further development of a few innovative methods which the partners have introduced, a notable part of these methods being derived in common due to a long cooperation history. Complex and moving RM's geometries needing dynamic mesh adaptation will be addressed thanks to higher-order edge-based reconstruction schemes for unstructured meshes (jointly developed by partners from 90'), particularly adapted to aeroacoustics. The novel ENO and WENO edge-based reconstructions combined with the recently proposed localized adaptive artificial viscosity will improve the treatment of discontinuities on unstructured meshes. Multiple moving geometry ability will be further amplified thanks to a specific level-set based Brinkman penalization method to mimic solids, new moving mesh method for dynamic mesh adaptation to solid surfaces and mesh adaption with a continuous metric. The very high-order time advancing will be efficiently applied thanks to a novel multirate formulation. The all-Mach methods will be implemented for the vertex-centred edge-based formulation used to improve the simulation of flow around RM's blades. The new hybrid RANS/LES models including transition models and LES filters of extremely low dissipation will permit the accurate generation and propagation of noise. The recent enhanced DES with new subgrid scale accelerating the "numerical" transition in turbulent shear layers will also be used for cross validation. Two families of geometries for single and multiple rotor systems (helicopter main rotor with fuselage, quadrotor system with fuselage respectively) will be considered for evaluating the achieved improvement in efficiency and accuracy of the developed massively parallel simulation tools.